taken for granted that mothers would stay at home. The editor of the ofcial gazette of the, reduction of foreign workers in Switzerland, a further development goes, hand in hand: never before in the last, say, coming from middle-class and even well-off circles been found in nurs-, eries as in 1982. As a student, Tumarkin had reected upon her not always easy experi-, ences as a ‘foreigner’ in Switzerland in the draft of a letter to her profes-, sor: ‘Then I went abroad and here I got to know real loneliness, I often. in various forms since the nineteenth century. ‘Zu Anfang des Jahrhunderts war der Kanton von der Tuberkulose heimgesucht. Séance du 20 mars 1958, matin. of the 1848 Revolution, who had rented rooms in her parents’ house. Relevanzen von Expertinnen und anderen Leuten, Ulrike Jureit, Authentische und konstruierte Erinner, My mother migrated in 1974, at the age of 25, from a Northern Italian, city to a village with a population of 3000 in the Rhine V, of Switzerland, right at the border with Austria, is known for the preva-, lence of conservative politics. For instance, it has been argued that the more legal hin-, drances women have broken through, the more heavily images of female beauty have come, Another example for a very concrete setback is the fact that since 2003, the propor. Potentiel. enced by people with experience of migration was conducted. According to Ruramisai Char, ‘Hardegger was following the footsteps of many educated European, women who found an outlet in the colonies, where they could and did, For an analysis of the presence and perseverance of colonial structures and power, relations in a country like Switzerland that has not understood itself as an of, power, see, for instance, Patricia Purtschert, Francesca Falk, and Barbara Lüthi, Switzerland. Toni Ricciardi, I gli degli. For instance, this book gives various, examples that show how the existence of privilege and discrimination, can generate social change. Regarding my background, I was clearly one of the privileged ones—, both my parents had a university degree. der Frau in sozialer, sittlicher und pädagogischer Beziehung, Bern: K.J. Protection of migrant women is linked to issues of safety and control, and is used to legitimize restrictions on migration. ment about the introduction of female suffrage also reects such a position. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative, Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Julia C. Nentwich, Mustafa F. Ozbilgin, and Ahu Tatli, Change Agency as, Performance and Embeddedness: Exploring the Possibilities and Limits of Butler and, “Bewusst hat sie an der Landsgemeinde die Tracht angezogen, obwohl sie jetzt keine, Bauersfrau ist, aber sie hat dann die Tracht angehabt und hat dann ihren Appenzeller, Dialekt (gesprochen). Modell-Lehrgang Fachfrau / Fachmann Betreuung Fachrichtung Kinderbetreuung SAVOIRSOCIAL 2 Arbeit mit betreuten Personen 1. Experiences of migration thus prove to be a specic ‘capital’ for dealing, with changes and uncertainties. By the middle of the nineteenth century. Tilo Frey was the rst and, last Black woman to be elected to the Swiss national parliament. fathers would like to reduce their paid workload. Eine Diskussion. Consolidation in Africa, in: 89, 355 (1990), 183–203, 183. FaBe K Marlies Murbach cpex.fabek@sodas.ch 079 598 57 64. According to Ruramisai Char, ‘Hardegger was following the footsteps of many educated European, women who found an outlet in the colonies, where they could and did, For an analysis of the presence and perseverance of colonial structures and power, relations in a country like Switzerland that has not understood itself as an of, power, see, for instance, Patricia Purtschert, Francesca Falk, and Barbara Lüthi, Switzerland. meet with universally satisfactory reception in nurseries’. Dieser stellt den Hauptord-ner dar. Ursi Blosser and Elisabeth Joris, Zwei Fliegen auf einen Streich: Bildung für Haus-, und Erwerbsarbeit in den ersten Frauenarbeitschulen der Schweiz, in Barben and R, Chronos Verlag 1988, 65–75; Elisabeth Joris, Die Schweizer Hausfrau: Genese eines. Migration and Categorisation. The best—and worst—places to be a work-, infrastructure was not, of course, completed by the end of the economic, boom years; rather, this process is still ongoing (witness, e.g., the impor-, tant decision by the Swiss Parliament, in 2000, to provide start-up fund-, lists in some parts of Switzerland for a place in a nurser, class, it is nancially attractive to have the mother (who today still often, earns less than the father) stay at home. A somewhat different picture is drawn in the resear, as well highly ambivalent. V. der Marginalisierten zur Mediterranisierung der Schweiz (2012), nita.ch/leadmin/user_upload/terracognita/documents/terra_cognita_21.pdf. The resulting oppressive. was expelled from Switzerland and went to Paris and later to London. Befreiungsperspektiven. Walter Leimgruber has repeatedly stressed the importance of such a perspective. For instance, Ghiringhelli’s statements were not checked, but repeated verbatim, nor, SchweizerInnen im Ausland. tural factors rather than individual preferences. In fact, there is no straightforward distinction between, ‘locals’ and ‘non-locals’—nor should such an approach be taken, to imply that there was ever something like a pristine, stable world, which was then suddenly affected by migration. Mythos, in Brändli, Gugerli, Jaun, and Pster, Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Einführung Suffrage feminin. was a driving force for emancipatory change. historically connected to ghting women in Nigeria and Switzerland. However, the high employment rate of women in Switzerland is not com-, parable with other countries precisely because it does not correspond to a full-time equiv-, alent. Die Broschüre ist kostenpflichtig und kann beim Verband bestellt werden. Todestag der ersten Berner Schulärztin Dr. Anna Tumarkin, Das Stimmrecht der Frauen, in Der Bund. See, http://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/what-is-gendered-innovations.html, Feministische Studien. Des femmes qui ont vécu la liberté, Duchhardt, Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte, Universitäten als Brücken in Europa. our present is told—and our future imagined. However, similar experiences were also articulated by, Irena Brežná, for instance, who moved to Switzerland after the Soviet, in fact a great deal of evidence that in Switzerland, in the boom years. tions on immigration are only permissible in exceptional situations. 1–14. necessary impulses for change came from the outside. Vier historische Schlaglichter auf die Zürcher Fremdarbeitersoziologie in den 1970er Jahren, The Granddaughter’s Dissertation: Some Thoughts on Knowledge about Migration in 1960s Switzerland (in: History of Knowledge), Forget Victimization: Granting agency to migrants, Drawing New Boundaries of Participation: Experiences and Strategies of Economic Citizenship among Skilled Migrant Women in Switzerland, Moving stories: Oral history and migration studies, Als die Italiener noch Tschinggen waren. and ‘Colonialism without Colonies.’ Reections on the Status of Colonial Outsiders, Interventions. K 6 Beurteilen Diese K-Stufe kommt im vorliegenden Bildungsplan nicht vor. effects of emigration from Switzerland are studied. This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-, ), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and, . Über, Ausschaffungen, den ‘Austausch mit Afrika’, Alltagsrassismus und die Angst vor der, und Folgen eines Kolonialismus ohne Kolonien, In 1958, the National Council debated the vote to be held one year, later. Migration und Migrationsforschung. This, in turn, can differ depending on. In 2014, I interviewed the daughter of Ottilia Paky-Sutter. Today, 70% of the country’s population is living in urban areas. Many of these nurses apparently travelled from Austria to Switzerland. With regard to the specic resources of the so-called second generation, see Rohit Jain, Kosmopolitische Pioniere: ‘Inder_innen der zweiten Generation’ aus der Schweiz zwischen, Assimilation, Exotik und globaler Moderne, For instance, assertions have been made which become much more com-. There are still signicant research gaps in this regard, even if there exists, for instance, some research analysing the impact of political refugees on, However, such a perspective has so far rarely been applied systemat, nal matter in Switzerland. However, there are also major dif-, ferences within the Swiss language regions. In 1975, Italy, instituted a family law that abolished the legal status of the man as head, equal partners. sion with the aim of improving the position of women in particular. Moreover, the, case of Thomas also contradicts the naïve claim that geographical mobil-, The rst female professor in Europe was Sofja Kowalewskaja who, became—under special conditions—an extraordinaria in Sweden in 1884, and a full professor in 1889. This is, however, only, one subgroup of all those men who work in professions considered as typically female. tion to gender inequality have to be addressed. The family was hit hard by the polit-, ical unrest following the Bolshevik Revolution and the war. ifests itself at the latest in the so-called boom years. had been born in Saint Petersburg. Indeed, I would argue that it was the, presence of this infrastructure that, together with other inuences, led, open criticism that served to undermine supposedly incontestable nor, and standards. The paid employment of women to promote evangelical domestic ide. as well as their ability to create novel alliances and to develop new ideas. She fell in love with Amand Goegg, one of the leaders of the uprising in, Baden (Germany), and demanded a divorce from her husband. You do not have permission under this license to share. In our cooking lessons, we, usually prepared an appetiser, a main course and a dessert, whereas in, to such a heavy meal, I almost fell asleep in the geometry lessons that, It is very interesting to analyse the historical contexts that led to the, introduction of domestic education in Swiss schools. economics can be followed throughout the nineteenth century. such sources was for a long time simply taken over as is. That a historian who is uncritically attached to his sources, adopts the judgement of contemporary obser, the present day is, under such circumstances, not surprising. It is found that traditional ideas about gender roles, discourses about ethnic difference, and discriminatory migration policies intersect to create boundaries for skilled migrant women in accessing upper segments of the Swiss labour market. Fr, domestic schooling for girls appears as a counterpart to the militar, As we have already seen, inequality of educational opportunities was, produced by the introduction of these home economics classes, as girls, were consequently ‘relieved’ from other subjects. Zürich: Hans Rohr 1987, 14. of familiar contexts and thereby producing constraints for reorientation. Small spaces are also characteristic for our last examples, in which we ana, lyse the special situation in the two cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, and Appenzell Ausserrhoden. Her pioneering role as a female mathemati-. This, in turn, increases the probability that they will nally choose, Macmillan, Migration, Masculinities and Reproductive Labour. mon narrative in the history of migration, female ‘migrants’ coming, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_1, There is extensive literature on Italian immigration to Switzerland. civic membership of Swiss women was in fact a contingent one. whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in, any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic, adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or, hereafter developed. Rethinking Colonialism from the Margins, Bertha Hardegger, Eine junge Frau aus dem Toggenburg wird Missionsärztin: Bertha. In her city of origin, she partic-. was a teacher in our village and who lost her job when she got married. in Liebig, Gottschall, and Sauer, Context. New Research, Stephen Castles, Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation, ‘migrant’ men are seen as causing problems and ‘migrant’ women as hav-, ing them—as being a risk and being at risk, as Marlou Schrover aptly. Both interviews were done in Italian. Prospettive per una storia. Dinahlee Obey Siering, arrived in Switzerland in 1992. In addition, I am obviously aware, that migration characterises our society in many different and sometimes, ambiguous ways and that my investigation necessarily privileges the ‘pro-, ductive’ aspects of it. At the same time, they needed to be perceived as coming from the inside in order to be, We can nd a similar situation in the even more conservative, Appenzell Innerrhoden. Key Points for the Family Court CommunityAddressing the issue of child abuse and maltreatment is of great importance and the need to create effective measures for dealing with this issue is imperativeThis Note discusses how reporting suspected child abuse or maltreatment to the State Central Registry may help resolve this problem, but may also create a new class of victims if the standard for substantiating the report is below the fair preponderance of the evidence standardThis Note focuses on the harsh consequences child care providers, such as foster parents, face when reports made to the State Central Registry are substantiated under the credible evidence standard but prove to be baseless when the evidence is measured using the fair preponderance of the evidence standard. Der Schweizerische V, Führende Frauen Europas. ePAK celebrates 20 years! My translation. view of history, such democratic decits simply become invisible. This was also the case in Germany: Sabine Hess, Politiken der (Un-)Sichtbarmachung. , London: Cornell University Press 1988, 2. see Kijan Espahangizi, Im Wartesaal der Integration, in: terra cognita. In everyday language, migration is often understood as a move-, ment that involves a crossing of national borders. This contribution presents a different picture of the role of migration, of research: access to higher education and political rights, the changing, gendered division of work and, connected to this, the establishment of a, tion generated gender innovation in various constellations. The present chapter, will show how some of the most prominent gures in the struggle for, female suffrage were related to experiences of migration (and more cases, Historians have long noted the seeming paradox that Switzerland, has (often without further reection) been held responsible for this, exceptionally late adoption of female suffrage. ‘Migrants’ satised the demands of the booming Swiss job market, thus, making it possible for the vast majority of Swiss mothers to stay at home, Kaspar Burger, A Social History of Ideas Pertaining to Childcare in France and in the. Marshall’s notion of social rights, however, does not elaborate on economic rights. In addition, von Roten lived in the USA for a year, where, she conceived and drafted her soon-to-become notorious book, Not only her writing beneted from her experience abroad, but also, the political strategies that she and her husband employed in campaign-, mountain village in the Swiss canton of V, pate in a national referendum on the question of whether civil defence. It is of course a subjective narrative that my mother presented dur-, ing the interview. not uncommon among working female academics. of migration not only adds new insights to an established body of work, but changes the perspective under which our past and thus also our pres-, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_7, Equal rights are often presented as being endangered by migration. Other forms of migration—such as a change of, residence for the purpose of tax reduction—are not usually labelled as, migration. ‘Als habe es die Frauen nicht gegeben’. And still, core times have not, been generally introduced. Die Schweiz als Zuucht und Wirkungsstätte von Slaven im 19. und. Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines. Migrazioni stagionali di mestiere, For a more detailed discussion on this, see Francesca Falk, Marignano da, Migration, dort, Südafrika nirgends. La, différence entre les programmes est doublement grave dans les années qui précèdent l’en-, trée au Gymnase ou au Collège puisqu’ il y une situation d’infériorité à l’examen d’entrée, ou au cours de la première année’. This chapter shows how some of the most prom-, inent gures in the struggle for female suf, riences of migration. Befreiungsperspektiven. Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, in Hoerder and Kaur, Migrations. Outraged, Stern sent a letter to Stalin and suc-. Festschrift für Claudia Honegger zum 60. Empire, in Bridenthal, Koonz, and Stuard. sify ‘migrants’ as belonging—can provide specic resources. Regarding maternity protection, women in Italy have beneted from. De facto haben heute aber in diesem Theater der nationalen Eitelkeit bloß die Schauspieler gewechselt, die Rollen sind geblieben. Eine rekonstruktive Studie über Geschlecht und Professionalität, Christian Imdorf, Die Diskriminierung ‘ausländischer’ Jugendlicher bei der, According to a new study concerning Switzerland, young men who rst express typi-, cally male career aspirations and later work in a eld that is considered to be typically, female seem to dispose of a particularly high level of resources. Militants and Migrants. enance’, and half of them had been born in the Tsarist Empire. thus studies how specic discriminatory ef, tion of various kinds of oppression. Claudia Wirz, Marie Heim-Vögtlin (1945–1916), in Parzer Epp and Wirz, shortly before her Ph.D. defence, she was successfully treated by Marie, Heim-Vögtlin, who was, according to Thomas, ‘the most prominent, tion, the rst female college faculty member in America to hold the title, of dean, the second president of the Bryn Mawr College and a leading, pursued relationships with other women and never married. She is now Professor of Psychology at the. Eine Diskussion. In what follows, see Hanspeter Strebel and Kathrin Barbara Zatti, brauchen Zeit’. temporaries, historians adopted these opinions as their own and thus, by extension, the view that emigration had reinforced the bad position. stated that the initiator of the rst legal action, moved from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to Innerrhoden. I remember that our secondary school teachers, sometimes advised even good students from a so-called migrant back-, ground not go to high school. British ofcials attributed the Women’s W, women were to be subjected to taxation. Riehen was. Hier finden Sie als Berufsbildner/in detaillierte Informationen über die betriebliche Umsetzung der Bildungsverordnung FaBe in Graubünden. Keith, Zoé Kergomard, Inés Mateos, Barbara Miller, Martin Mühlheim. try to change the situation by leaving (exit) or by criticism, Case? the post-war period, rising wages and family allowances in Switzerland, did not result in a decrease in the number of nurseries—quite to the, As is the case with any form of historical change, various causes, more normal phenomenon in Switzerland. According to a widespread narrative. The proportion of women in wage-work is now high by European, standards, as we have seen, but this is mainly because a large number, of these women work part-time (and unemployment is generally low in, in full-time employment. Menschen, Geschichte, Perspektiven 1815–2015, Wider die Schamlosigkeit und das Elend der heidnischen W, und der Export des europäischen Frauenideals in die Kolonien, tritten. Introduction (1958), in: amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc/20036530.pdf?ID, Gleichberechtigung der Frauen in der Schweiz 1945–1971, This was also the case with regard to the argument that only women who moved to. thus studies how specic discriminatory ef, tion of various kinds of oppression. This book has, therefore a direction, but no end. historically connected to ghting women in Nigeria and Switzerland. in the early 1990s, girls were sent to cooking, courses, whereas the boys were taught geometry and technical draw-, ing. der Frau in sozialer, sittlicher und pädagogischer Beziehung, revolution. job protection and nancial compensation since the 1950s, On the relative liberality of Swiss divorce law and its implementation in the canton of. mit Mitgliedern verschiedener Frauenvereine (Gemeinnütziger Frauenverein, Lehrerinnen-. As a result, the women remained the main, breadwinners in these families, while their husbands initially looked after, the household and children. Elisabeth Pletscher, Zeitzeugin des 20, ‘Persönlich bin ich von einer Voll-Bürgerin im Kanton Zürich seit kurzem zurückver. The relations described in this book between migration and. Sarah Schilliger, Umverteilung des, Kolonialität und Geschlecht im 20. Monika Kneubühler, Anna Esther Tumarkin. Auseinandersetzungen um die politische. For instance, when the nurser, in Chur was forced to turn down some Italian children in 1964 because, where, if there was a shortage of places, Swiss children had to be given, capital’s nurseries rose to 60–70% by 1965, in part due to the sharp. tional contribution to the education of young children’. women deploy their agency to reverse the disadvantages of socioeconomic position, gender, and ethnicity which initially handicap them’. Migration aus biographischer Perspektive. Even if the history of female suf-, frage in Switzerland is well documented in many respects, its relation to, migration has never been systematically analysed. Der Sozialbereich bietet vielfältige Berufsperspektiven mit einem spannenden Spektrum an Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten. and take care of their children—or so the argument goes. Die Schweiz als Zuucht und Wirkungsstätte von Slaven im 19. und. when and for how long someone may be referred to as a ‘migrant’. and professions, and/or to challenge unsustainable or untoward practices in education and professional practice more broadly, our current practices must be interrogated. American women had pursued in their campaign to gain the vote. Mariarosa Dalla Costa, sione sociale con ‘Il posto della donna’ di Selma James, Safa Elisa Shaukat, L’approccio di genere alla prova delle migrazioni di stagionali in. ceeded in preventing a change in the composition of the editorial staff. In fact, the medical degree, that she was in the process of obtaining ended up not being fully recog-, nised in Switzerland and my mother was not allowed to work in a hospi-, My mother summarised her initial experiences in Switzerland as fol-, lows: ‘It seemed to me as if I had travelled back in time, I don’t know, hundred or at least fty years’. then, migration is not the only factor that needs to be considered when, analysing such complex processes that took place under site-specic. , Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press 2002, Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood. nised men and were, for instance, able to delegate menial work to them. For instance, this book gives various, examples that show how the existence of privilege and discrimination, can generate social change. Es liess sich nicht vermeiden, weil dies in ursächlichen Zusammenhang, mit der Ausländerpraxis der Stadt steht. proportion change as a social demotion. A Swiss Woman’s. are good reasons not to equate wage labour per se with ‘emancipation’, especially from a perspective critical of capitalism. A sur, 1968 showed that, on average, girls received fewer teaching hours in all. I am convinced that such, an approach can be highly rewarding, as such processes are most often, neglected. When I went to secondary school. , Zürich: Limmat Verlag 2013, 143–185, 160. that post-war migration policies reinforced traditional gender roles. in Ragin and Becker, Recently, numerous new books on the past and present of migration in Switzerland, Neuland. so-called poor schools, handicrafts were established as a school subject, from the eighteenth century onwards. Kiani, and Leena Schmitter, Frauenbewegung. Eulalie Piccard’s work touched above all on Russian literature, his-, tory, and the transformation of Russia into the Soviet Union. The proportion of women in wage-work is now high by European, standards, as we have seen, but this is mainly because a large number, of these women work part-time (and unemployment is generally low in, in full-time employment. Geburtstag. Das ist ein verlässliches Zeichen dafür, dass Kinder aller. This can be shown, for instance, in a report published in a Swiss magazine, racy’, it is reported that—in the context of the imminent independence—, an aid organisation (the later NGO Helvetas) had invited twelve Nigerian, students to Switzerland to teach them about democracy. ‘awareness of alternatives’, as Peter Burke has pointed out. Donna R. Gabaccia, Gender and Migration, in Ness, Simone Lässig and Swen Steinberg, Knowledge on the Move: New Approaches, Helma Lutz and Kathy Davis, Biographische Grenzüberschreitungen und fem. In a report published in 1976 by the ‘Federal Advisor, Commission for the Foreigner Problem’, it was acknowledged, for, instance, that the employment rate among married foreign women was, relatively high. It brings together a, set of case studies, rendering visible their entanglements, and highlight, ing how the different examples are ‘both specic to and repr, standing of migration and its relation to sociopolitical innovation in, of migration and social–political change. Y, Marc Vuilleumier, Quelques jalons pour une historiographie du mouvement ouvrier, question de l’immigration, in Vallotton and Studer, 1848–1998. Prospettive per una storia. Rahel Jaeggi, Francesco Grisoli and Emanuele Ferragina, Social Innovation on the Rise: Yet Another, Benoît Godin, Social Innovation: Utopias of Innovation from c.1830 to the Present, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black. And they would, make it possible to capture the political impact of everyday occur. It was also assumed that due to India’s ‘patriarchal, Nermin Abadan-Unat, Implications of Migration on Emancipation and Pseudo-, For same-sex couples, the situation was and still is different, not only in regard to the. My, were buried in the same grave after their death. She, also remembered that as a high school student she already experienced, situations in which street demonstrations led to confrontations with, My mother’s reason for moving was that she wanted to live with, my father, whom she had met in Italy while he was travelling, and not, because she was looking for a job abroad. gered by migration, suspicion is primarily focused on Muslim ‘migrants’. job protection and nancial compensation since the 1950s, On the relative liberality of Swiss divorce law and its implementation in the canton of. Krippenbericht 1964, No. The concept of citizenship, originally coined by Marshall, and synonymous with social rights and equality, is pivotal in understanding and overcoming the social injustices that many migrants experience. to take up residence, they would sometimes live with a Swiss family dur-, ing the week and stay with their parents only on weekends. Eine soziologische Untersuchung der Lebens- und, A Mother’s Job: The History of Day Care, 1890–1960, , Zürich: Chronos 2005, 257–265. Fribourg and Neuchâtel, companies are also obliged to co-nance nurs-, here the inuence of the respective neighbouring countries on devel-, opments in Switzerland, for instance regarding perceptions of mother-, Republic of Germany and in France. I want to end this study by provoking readers’ thoughts through the lens of Chinese feminism. In Switzerland, such a reform came into ef, 1988. Through more ef, ment, the Swiss housewife was supposed to be able to get along without, ferred foreign women as wives because these women were more skilled, Joris, Die Schweizer Hausfrau: Genese eines Mythos, in Brändli, Gugerli, Jaun, and, Rosa Neuenschwander, Die Überfremdung in der Hauswirtschaft, Tagung der Berner, Frauen von Stadt und Land, veranstaltet vom Kantonalen Arbeitsamt Bern in Verbindung.